CVE-2025-66913: Critical Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution via JDBC URL Injection in JimuReport

CVE ID: CVE-2025-66913
Product: JimuReport
Vulnerability Type: Remote Code Execution (RCE)
Attack Vector: Network
Authentication Required: No (in many real-world deployments)
User Interaction: None
Severity: Critical
CVSS v3.1 Score: 9.8 (Critical)

Vulnerability Overview

CVE-2025-66913 is a critical remote code execution vulnerability affecting JimuReport.
The issue stems from unsafe handling of user-supplied JDBC connection URLs, which are passed directly to the Java database driver without sufficient validation or restriction.

Certain JDBC drivers, most notably H2, support advanced connection-time parameters that allow execution of initialization logic, dynamic class loading, or runtime evaluation. When these parameters are attacker-controlled, they can be abused to execute arbitrary Java code inside the JimuReport server process.

This vulnerability allows a remote attacker to fully compromise the application and underlying host system.

Affected Component

JimuReport
Versions prior to the fixed release (≤ 2.1.3)
JDBC connection testing and data source configuration functionality

Vulnerability Type

Improper Input Validation
Code Injection via Configuration Input
Remote Code Execution (RCE)

Severity and Risk

Severity: Critical
Attack Vector: Network
Privileges Required: None (in common deployments)
User Interaction: None
Impact: Full compromise of confidentiality, integrity, and availability

A single malicious HTTP request can result in complete takeover of the application server.

Root Cause Analysis

JimuReport provides an interface to define and test database connections. During this process:

The application accepts a JDBC URL from the client
The value is treated as a trusted configuration parameter
No allow-listing or sanitization is applied
The URL is passed directly to the JDBC driver
The driver processes embedded directives during connection initialization

This creates a trust boundary violation where untrusted user input is executed as runtime logic.

The flaw is architectural rather than accidental — the design assumes JDBC URLs are passive strings, while in reality they can contain executable behavior.

Technical Exploitation Details

This section explains how the attack works conceptually for detection and defense purposes only.

An attacker abuses the vulnerability by submitting a crafted JDBC URL to a backend endpoint responsible for validating or testing database connections.

Instead of a normal database address, the attacker embeds driver-specific directives that are interpreted during connection setup. These directives may cause the JVM to:

Execute initialization routines
Load remote classes
Evaluate dynamic expressions
Trigger runtime hooks inside the driver

Because this happens during the connection phase, no database authentication or successful connection is required.

The code executes under the same permissions as the JimuReport application process.

Exploit and PoC Status

Public proof-of-concept material exists
Exploitation is practical and repeatable
No complex exploit chain is required

PoCs are intended for research, validation, and defensive testing only.
They should never be used against systems without authorization.

Indicators of Compromise

Application-Level Indicators

Unusual JDBC URLs appearing in request bodies
Repeated “test connection” attempts
Errors or crashes during data source validation
Unexpected class loading or driver initialization errors

Host-Level Indicators

Java process spawning child processes
Unexpected outbound network connections
New or modified files in temp or application directories
Abnormal JVM behavior following HTTP requests

Log Sources Required for Detection

To reliably detect exploitation attempts, collect logs from:

Web server access logs (with request bodies)
Application audit and debug logs
JVM stdout/stderr
Network egress logs
Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR)
Reverse proxy / WAF logs

Detection Strategy

Detection should focus on two layers:

Input-based detection – identifying suspicious JDBC URLs
Behavior-based detection – identifying post-exploitation activity

Splunk Detection Rules

Rule 1: Suspicious JDBC URL Submitted to JimuReport

Purpose: Detect possible exploitation attempts via malicious JDBC URLs.

index=web OR index=app
(method=POST OR http_method=POST)
(uri_path="*test*" OR uri_path="*datasource*" OR uri_path="*connection*")
| where like(request_body, "%jdbc:%")
| eval risk=case(
    like(request_body, "%;%"), "high",
    like(request_body, "%INIT%"), "high",
    true(), "medium"
  )
| table _time, src_ip, uri_path, request_body, risk
| sort -_time

Why this works:
Legitimate JDBC URLs are usually simple. Complex parameters, directives, or semicolon-chained options are strong indicators of abuse.

Rule 2: Correlation – JDBC Injection Followed by JVM Anomaly

Purpose: Identify likely successful exploitation.

index=web OR index=endpoint
| transaction src_ip maxspan=5m
| search request_body="*jdbc:*" process_name=java*
| where (like(command_line, "%bash%") OR like(command_line, "%sh%") OR like(command_line, "%cmd%"))
| table _time, src_ip, command_line, process_name

Microsoft Sentinel (KQL) Detection Rules

Rule 1: Suspicious JDBC URL in HTTP Request

AzureDiagnostics
| where httpMethod_s == "POST"
| where requestUri_s has_any ("test", "datasource", "connection")
| where requestBody_s contains "jdbc:"
| extend RiskLevel = case(
    requestBody_s contains ";", "High",
    requestBody_s contains "INIT", "High",
    "Medium"
)
| project TimeGenerated, clientIP_s, requestUri_s, RiskLevel, requestBody_s
| order by TimeGenerated desc

Rule 2: Java Process Behavior After Suspicious Request

DeviceProcessEvents
| where ProcessName == "java.exe" or ProcessName == "java"
| where ProcessCommandLine has_any ("bash", "sh", "cmd", "powershell")
| project TimeGenerated, DeviceName, ProcessCommandLine, InitiatingProcessAccountName

Incident Response Guidance

If a detection rule triggers:

Immediately isolate the affected host
Preserve logs and memory if possible
Assume full application compromise
Rotate credentials stored on the server
Rebuild the system from a trusted image
Patch before restoring service

Mitigation and Remediation

Mandatory Fix

Upgrade JimuReport to a patched version.

Official upgrade link:
https://github.com/jeecgboot/JimuReport/releases

Additional Hardening Measures

Restrict access to data source management endpoints
Apply strict allow-listing for JDBC URLs
Remove unused JDBC drivers
Enforce least-privilege execution
Monitor outbound network traffic from application servers

MITRE ATT&CK / CWE Mapping

CWE: Improper Input Validation → Code Injection
ATT&CK: Exploitation of Public-Facing Application

Final Takeaway

CVE-2025-66913 represents a high-confidence, high-impact RCE vulnerability caused by trusting configuration input that should never be trusted.

Any exposed, unpatched JimuReport instance should be considered at immediate risk.

Patching is non-negotiable. Detection and monitoring should be treated as compensating controls, not replacements.